1. In 1077, Henry IV, the German king, petitioned Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness.

2. In 1276, French Cardinal Pierre de Tarantaise was elected head of the Catholic Church and took the name of Pope Innocent V.

3. In 1287, the Treaty of San Agayz was signed. Minorca was conquered by King Alfons III of Aragon.

4. In 1324, there was a Zen Buddhist religious debate between Tendai and Shingon.

5. In 1522, Head Inquisitor Adrian Florisz Boeyens was elected Pope.

6. In 1525, the Swiss Anabaptist movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zurich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.

7. In 1542, the English Parliament passed a Bill of Attainder against Queen Katherine Howard.

8. In 1549, the Act of Uniformity was passed by the English Parliament, requiring clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer.

9. In 1664, Count Miklos of Zrinyi set out to battle the Turkish invasion army.

10. In 1677, the first medical publication in America (a pamphlet on smallpox) was published in Boston.

11. In 1720, Sweden and Prussia signed a peace treaty, ending hostilities between them during the Great Northern War.

12. In 1732, Russia and Persia signed the Treaty of Rias Cha.

13. In 1749, the Verona Philharmonic Theatre was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1754.

14. In 1789, the first American novel, William Hill Brown's "The Power of Sympathy", was published by Isaiah Thomas.

15. In 1793, Louis XVI of France was executed by guillotine in Paris, following his conviction for "high treason" by the newly created French Parliament (Convention Nationale), during the French Revolution.

16. In 1793, Prussia and Russia signed a partition treaty, dividing Poland.

17. In 1813, there was the first reference to pineapple cultivation in Hawaii in a diary entry by Francisco de Paula Marin.

18. In 1813, Spaniard Don Francisco de Paula y Marin planted coffee in Hawaii - the first record of coffee growing in Hawaii.

19. In 1818, Keats wrote his poem "On a Lock of Milton's Hair".

20. In 1821, Paramaribo, Suriname caught fire and 4 people died.

21. In 1830, in Portsmouth, Ohio, African Americans were forcibly deported.

22. In 1846, the first edition of Charles Dickens' newspaper "The Daily News" was published.

23. In 1861, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and 4 other southern senators resigned (U.S. Civil War).

24. In 1863, the city of Dublin leased part of the cattle market for 100,000 years.

25. In 1864, the Tauranga Campaign of the New Zealand Wars began.

26. In 1874, Franz Grillparzer's "Li Bussa" premiered in Vienna.

27. In 1879, Henrik Ibsen's play "Et Dukkehjem" (A Doll's House) premiered in Copenhagen.

28. In 1880, the first U.S. sewage disposal system separate from storm drains was built in Memphis, Tennessee.

29. In 1887, the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was formed.

30. In 1887, Brisbane received a daily rainfall of 465 millimetres (18.3 inches), a record for any Australian capital city.

31. In 1890, the first issue of "Propria Cures", an Amsterdam student-weekly newspaper, was published.

32. In 1893, the Tati Concessions land, formerly part of Matabeleland, was formally annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana).

33. In 1894, Oscar Fredriksen skated a world record 500m in 47.8 seconds.

34. In 1899, Opel manufactured its first automobile.

35. In 1900, the second contingent of Canadian troops sailed from Halifax to fight in South Africa against the Boers.

36. In 1901, Clyde Fitch's play "The Climbers" premiered in NYC.

37. In 1903, Harry Houdini escaped from the Halvemaansteeg Police Station in Amsterdam.

38. In 1903, the International Theatre (Majestic, Park) opened at 5 Columbus Circle, NYC.

39. In 1904, Leoš Janáček's opera "Jenůfa" premiered in Brno.

40. In 1908, the "Sullivan Ordinance" was passed in NYC, making it illegal for a woman to smoke in public places. It was vetoed 2 weeks later by Mayor George B. McClellan Jr.

41. In 1908, August Strindberg's "Spok Sonaten" premiered in Stockholm.

42. In 1910, there was British-Russian military intervention in Persia.

43. In 1913, Aristide Briand formed the French government for the second time.

44. In 1915, Kiwanis International was founded in Detroit.

45. In 1919, the Irish militant nationalist party Sinn Féin created its own parliament in Dublin and declared Ireland independent of Great Britain, sparking the Irish War of Independence.

46. In 1921, British crime writer Agatha Christie published her first novel "The Mysterious Affair at Styles", introducing the character Hercule Poirot.

47. In 1921, the Italian Communist Party was founded at Livorno by Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci.

48. In 1922, the first slalom ski race was run at Mürren, Switzerland.

49. In 1924, Vladimir Lenin's testament was handed over to the Communist Party; it called for changes to the Soviet governing structure and criticized Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky and other members.

50. In 1925, the Albanian Parliament announced itself a republic; Ahmed Zogoe was the president.