1. 649 - Theodore I ends his reign as Catholic Pope.

2. 1027 - Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior king of the Franks.

3. 1264 - Battle of Lewes, 2nd Barons' War: Simon de Montfort the Younger, Earl of Leicester, defeats English King Henry III.

4. 1483 - Coronation of Charles VIII of France ( "Charles the Affable" ).

5. 1509 - Battle of Agnadello: French forces under Louis XII defeat the Venetians in northern Italy.

6. 1576 - Dutch Council of State replaced by Council of Beroerten.

7. 1607 - English colonists establish the 1st permanent English settlement in America at Jamestown.

8. 1608 - The Protestant Union is founded in Auhausen.

9. 1610 - Henry IV of France is assassinated by fanatical Catholic François Ravaillac in Paris.

10. 1638 - Admiral Adam Wester Wolt conquers Batticaloa, Ceylon.

11. 1643 - Louis XIV becomes king of France at the age of 4.

12. 1664 - Turkish grand vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed attacks 120,000 Donau soldiers.

13. 1702 - England & Netherlands declare war on France & Spain.

14. 1702 - Great Northern War: Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Warsaw, Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth.

15. 1747 - A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the first Battle of Cape Finisterre.

16. 1767 - British government disbands Americans' import duty on tea.

17. 1787 - Delegates gather in Philadelphia to draw up the US Constitution.

18. 1796 - English country doctor Edward Jenner administers his revolutionary cowpox - based vaccine for smallpox in Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

19. 1800 - Friedrich von Schiller's "Macbeth" premieres in Weimar.

20. 1804 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's expedition commissioned by Thomas Jefferson sets out from St. Louis for the Pacific coast.

21. 1811 - Paraguay gains independence from Spain (National Day).

22. 1842 - The Illustrated London News, the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper, begins publication.

23. 1845 - The Utrecht - Arnhem railway opens.

24. 1853 - Gail Borden patents his process for condensed milk.

25. 1857 - Mindon is crowned as king of Burma at Mandalay Palace, Burma.

26. 1861 - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 - gram chondrite - type meteorite, strikes the earth near Barcelona, Spain.

27. 1911 - A mass rally in Changsha triggers the Railway Protection Movement.

28. 1944 - Movie producer George Lucas, whose films include the Star War series and American Graffiti, is born in Modesto, California.

29. 1948 - The independent State of Israel is proclaimed in Tel Aviv.

30. 1953 - Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio.

31. 1953 - The first Five - Year Plan begins to be implemented.

32. 1955 - The Warsaw Pact Organization is established.

33. 1961 - The "Liberty Bell" in the United States is restored, symbolizing the spirit of the American War of Independence.

34. 1964 - The second - phase project of the Aswan Dam begins.

35. 1973 - The US "Skylab" space station is launched into space.

36. 1984 - The Chinese women's badminton team wins the Uber Cup for the first time.

37. 1986 - The truth about the Chernobyl nuclear leak accident is revealed.

38. 1990 - The Carpentras incident occurs in France.

39. 1991 - The Somali Civil War ends, and the Horn of Africa falls into a humanitarian crisis.

40. 1998 - The Rwandan Genocide ends, and the tragedy of 800,000 deaths triggers international reflection.

41. 1998 - Singer and actor Frank Sinatra dies in Los Angeles at the age of 82.

42. 2000 - The euro begins to circulate in 11 EU countries, replacing the national currencies.

43. 2008 - A Swiss "rocket man" flies over the Alps.

44. 2013 - Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the suspect in the Boston Marathon bombing, is arrested.

45. 2017 - US President Trump signs an executive order to announce the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement.

46. 2025 - Pope Leo XIV calls for an end to the use of weapons in an X post.

47. 1643 - The whole Heilongjiang River basin is incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty.

48. 1853 - Argentina adopts its constitution.

49. 1853 - Franconi's Hippodrome opens in New York City.

50. 1853 - The first major US rail disaster kills 46 in Norwalk, Connecticut.