1. In 1124, David I became the King of Scots.

2. In 1296, the Scots were defeated by Edward I of England in the Battle of Dunbar.

3. In 1509, Pope Julius II excommunicated the Italian state of Venice.

4. In 1518, the Treaty of St. Truiden, an anti - French treaty, was signed.

5. In 1522, a combined French and Venetian force was decisively defeated by a Spanish - imperial and papal army in the Battle of Bicocca.

6. In 1539, the city of Bogotá, New Granada (now Colombia), was refounded by Nikolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar.

7. In 1565, the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines was formed in Cebu City.

8. In 1576, the Peace of Beaulieu and the Paix de Monsieur were reached.

9. In 1578, the Duel of the Mignons claimed the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France and two favorites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.

10. In 1643, Tirso de Molina's "Bellaco So Is, Gomez" premiered in Madrid.

11. In 1646, King Charles I of England fled Oxford for a Scottish army camp near Newark - on - Trent on the verge of defeat.

12. In 1650, the Battle of Carbisdale took place. The royalist army under the Marquess of Montrose invaded mainland Scotland from Orkney but was defeated by a Covenanter army.

13. In 1662, the Netherlands and France signed a military covenant.

14. In 1667, blind and impoverished, English poet John Milton sold the copyright of "Paradise Lost" for £10.

15. In 1694, Frederick Augustus I "the Strong" became the monarch of Saxony.

16. In 1749, the first performance of George Frideric Handel's "Music for the Royal Fireworks" was held in Green Park, London.

17. In 1773, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act.

18. In 1805, US Marines attacked the shores of Tripoli.

19. In 1810, Ludwig van Beethoven composed his famous piano piece "Für Elise".

20. In 1813, Americans under General Pike captured Toronto, but Pike was killed.

21. In 1828, the Zoological Gardens at Regent's Park in London opened.

22. In 1838, a fire destroyed half of Charleston.

23. In 1840, the foundation stone for the new Palace of Westminster in London was laid by Sarah Barry, the wife of its architect Charles Barry.

24. In 1841, Imakita Kosen, the first Zen teacher of D. T. Suzuki, found the awakening.

25. In 1857, the establishment of Jewish congregations in Lower Austria was prohibited.

26. In 1859, the "Pomona" sank in the North Atlantic, drowning all 400 aboard.

27. In 1861, Confederate General Robert E. Lee ordered Colonel Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson to take command of Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

28. In 1861, US President Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

29. In 1861, West Virginia seceded from Virginia after Virginia seceded from the Union.

30. In 1863, the Battle of Streight's Raid took place from Tuscumbia to Cedar Bluff, Alabama.

31. In 1865, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, was chartered.

32. In 1865, the steamboat "SS Sultana" exploded in the Mississippi River, killing up to 1,800 of the 2,427 passengers, the greatest maritime disaster in US history.

33. In 1867, Charles Gounod's opera "Romeo et Juliette" premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris, France.

34. In 1874, the White League, a paramilitary white supremacist organization, was formed.

35. In 1875, the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC), the world's first such agency, was incorporated.

36. In 1877, Jules Massenet's opera "Le Roi de Lahore" premiered at the Palais Garnier in Paris, France.

37. In 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes removed federal troops from Louisiana, and Reconstruction ended.

38. In 1881, pogroms against Russian Jews started in Elisabethgrad.

39. In 1890, French troops under Capt. Archinard occupied Ousse Bougou, West Sudan.

40. In 1893, Richard "King Dick" Seddon succeeded John Balance as the premier of New Zealand and the leader of the Liberal Party.

41. In 1897, Grant's Tomb was dedicated.

42. In 1899, the Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Science, the world's first research sound archive, was founded.

43. In 1903, the first Highlander (Yankee) shut - out occurred, and the Philadelphia A's won 6 - 0.

44. In 1904, the Australian Labor Party under Prime Minister Chris Watson became the first labor government in the world.

45. In 1905, the world exposition opened in Liège.

46. In 1908, the IV Summer (Modern) Olympic Games opened in London.

47. In 1909, the sultan of Turkey, Abdul Hamid II, was overthrown.

48. In 1910, the Belgian parliament rejected a socialist motion for general voting rights.

49. In 1941, the Greek army surrendered to the Axis powers.

50. In 1960, Togo, a West African country, became independent.