1. In 499, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Hong, passed away.

2. In 757, Paolo Orsini replaced his brother Pope Stephen II as Paul I.

3. In 1220, German King Frederick II granted sovereign rights to bishops.

4. In 1336, Italian Renaissance poet Francesco Petrarch climbed Mont Ventoux.

5. In 1392, Korean Confucian scholar and statesman Jeong Mong - ju was assassinated on the Sonjuk Bridge in Gaeseong.

6. In 1467, the miraculous image of Our Lady of Good Counsel appeared in Genazzano, Italy.

7. In 1478, the Pazzi conspirators attacked Lorenzo de' Medici and killed Giuliano de' Medici in Florence.

8. In 1514, Copernicus made his first observations of Saturn.

9. In 1564, William Shakespeare was baptized in Stratford - upon - Avon, England.

10. In 1607, the Jamestown expedition made its first landing in America at Cape Henry.

11. In 1654, Jews were expelled from Brazil.

12. In 1655, the Dutch West Indies Company denied Peter Stuyvesant's desire to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam.

13. In 1677, Emperor Leopold I founded the University of Innsbruck.

14. In 1755, the first Russian university opened in Moscow.

15. In 1777, Sybil Ludington, aged 16, rode 40 miles in New York to warn her father's militia of the approaching British.

16. In 1803, meteorites fell in l'Aigle, France.

17. In 1814, King Louis XVIII of France landed at Calais from England.

18. In 1819, the Odd Fellows lodge was formed.

19. In 1828, Russia declared war on Turkey to support Greece's independence.

20. In 1841, the "Bombay Gazette" began publishing on silk.

21. In 1848, Alfred Russel Wallace left the UK for South America.

22. In 1853, Dutch King William III disbanded the Second Chamber.

23. In 1859, US Congressman Daniel E. Sickles was acquitted of the murder of Philip Barton Key on the grounds of "temporary insanity".

24. In 1861, "Father of Chinese Railways" Zhan Tianyou was born.

25. In 1865, Confederate General J. E. Johnston surrendered the remaining forces to Union General William Sherman in North Carolina, ending the US Civil War.

26. In 1879, the National Park (later renamed Royal National Park) was established south of Sydney, Australia.

27. In 1887, the Huntsville Electric Company was formed to sell electricity.

28. In 1890, Henry Morton Stanley was inaugurated in London.

29. In 1893, the first Cleveland Board of Park Commissioners was formed.

30. In 1904, the Bell Telephone Company of Antwerp, Belgium, was formed.

31. In 1904, during the Russo - Japanese War, General Kuroko led the Japanese army against the large Russian force at the Yalu River.

32. In 1905, anti - Japanese national hero Xie Jinyuan was born.

33. In 1906, motion pictures began regular showings at the Orpheum Theater in Honolulu, Hawaii.

34. In 1907, the Jamestown, Virginia tercentenary exposition opened.

35. In 1911, Tsinghua School was established in Beijing.

36. In 1913, Sun Yat - sen called for a revolt against President Yuan Shikai in China.

37. In 1915, Italy secretly signed the "Treaty of London" with Britain, France, and Russia, joining World War I on the Allied side.

38. In 1920, Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis held the "Great Debate" on the nature of nebulae, galaxies, and the size of the universe at the US National Academy of Sciences.

39. In 1925, artist Diego Rivera resigned from the Mexican Communist Party.

40. In 1926, Germany and Russia signed a neutrality peace treaty.

41. In 1926, the Karachai Autonomous Region was formed in the RSFSR.

42. In 1928, Madame Tussaud's waxwork exhibition reopened in London after a fire.

43. In 1933, Jewish students were barred from school in Germany.

44. In 1937, the German Luftwaffe destroyed the Basque town of Guernica in Spain.

45. In 1940, the Communist Party of China Central Military Commission decided to establish the 4th Column of the Eighth Route Army, with Peng Xuefeng as the commander, advancing to the Henan - Anhui - Jiangsu region to carry out anti - Japanese struggles.

46. In 1945, during World War II, the Battle of Bautzen took place. It was the last successful German tank - offensive of the war and the last noteworthy victory of the Wehrmacht.

47. In 1949, Transjordan was officially renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

48. In 1954, the Geneva Conference opened.

49. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred.

50. In 2017, China's first domestically - built aircraft carrier was launched in Dalian.