1. In 467, Anthemius is elevated to emperor of the Western Roman Empire by Leo I.

2. In 1065, pilgrims under Bishop Gunther of Bamberg reach Jerusalem.

3. In 1204, the 4th Crusade occupies and plunders Constantinople.

4. In 1229, Queen Blanche of Castile and Earl Raymond VII of Toulouse sign peace.

5. In 1545, French King Francis I orders Protestants of Vaudois to be killed.

6. In 1550, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, an English poet and dramatist, is born.

7. In 1557, Cuenca is founded in Ecuador.

8. In 1606, England adopts the Union Flag, replaced in 1801 by the current Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack.

9. In 1648, the University of Harderwijk in the Netherlands solemnly opens.

10. In 1654, the Ordinance of Union between England and Scotland is passed by the Council of State.

11. In 1709, Richard Steele's British literary and society journal The Tatler is first published, establishing a new type of journalism featuring essays on contemporary manners.

12. In 1713, the Dutch State - Gen signs peace with France; the Netherlands loses the Orange Princedom.

13. In 1770, the British Parliament repeals the Townshend Revenue Acts, which had fueled opposition to British rule in colonial America.

14. In 1776, the Halifax Resolution for independence is adopted by North Carolina.

15. In 1782, the battle at Les Saintes takes place: the British fleet under Admiral George Rodney defeats the French fleet under Comte de Grasse off Dominica in the West Indies, preventing a planned French and Spanish invasion of Jamaica.

16. In 1787, Philadelphia's Free African Society forms.

17. In 1811, the first US colonists on the Pacific coast arrive at Cape Disappointment, Washington.

18. In 1820, Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization founded in Odessa to overthrow Ottoman rule of Greece.

19. In 1844, Texan envoys sign the Treaty of Annexation with the United States.

20. In 1857, French novelist Gustave Flaubert's first novel and masterpiece Madame Bovary is published in book form.

21. In 1859, the Hibernia Savings & Loan Society of San Francisco incorporates.

22. In 1861, Fort Sumter in South Carolina is attacked by the Confederacy, beginning the American Civil War.

23. In 1862, James Andrews steals the Confederate train (General) at Kennesaw, Georgia.

24. In 1862, Union troops occupy Fort Pulaski, Georgia.

25. In 1863, a gunboat battle takes place at Bayou Teche, Louisiana.

26. In 1864, the battle of Blair's Landing, Louisiana occurs.

27. In 1864, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest captures Fort Pillow, Tennessee.

28. In 1869, the North Carolina legislature passes an anti - Ku Klux Klan law.

29. In 1872, Jesse James' gang robs a bank of $1,500 in Columbia, Kentucky, with 1 dead.

30. In 1876, Canada's parliament passes the Indian Act to administer the status and lands of First Nations people - primarily to assimilate them.

31. In 1877, the British annex Transvaal, South Africa.

32. In 1883, French troops under Lt - Colonel Borgnis - Desbordes occupy Bamako, Senegal.

33. In 1887, Henrik Ibsen's Rosmersholm premieres in Oslo.

34. In 1892, George C Blickensderfer patents the portable typewriter.

35. In 1893, the "Massacre of Hoorn Krans" occurs: Curt von Francois, colonial governor of German South - West Africa (now Namibia), leads an attack by 225 Schutztruppe soldiers on Nama leader Hendrik Witbooi's headquarters at Hoorn Krans; the shelling of the village causes tremendous civilian casualties. Witbooi escapes and wages several months of guerrilla warfare against the German forces.

36. In 1894, a British - Belgian secret accord on dividing Central Africa is reached.

37. In 1898, the US army transfers Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Bay to the navy.

38. In 1900, the US Congress passes the Foraker Act, establishing Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory (effective 1 May).

39. In 1905, the French Dufaux brothers test a helicopter.

40. In 1905, the Hippodrome Arena opens in New York City.

41. In 1907, the Belgian government of Paul Smet de Naeyer resigns.

42. In 1907, in Switzerland, the parliament passes a new army bill reorganizing the nation's forces into a standing militia, with training required for all males.

43. In 1908, a fire at the Boston Blacking Company (producer of leather dyes), spreads by high wind, kills 19 and makes 17,000 homeless in Chelsea, Massachusetts.

44. In 1911, the first non - stop London - Paris flight is made by Pierre Prier in 3 hours and 56 minutes.

45. In 1916, Irish nationalist activist and poet Roger Casement boards submarine U - 19 at Wilhelmshaven, Germany, bound for a rendezvous with the Aud at Tralee.

46. In 1917, the Bijou Theater opens at 222 W 45th St, New York City (demolished 1982).

47. In 1919, the British parliament passes a 48 - hour work week with minimum wages.

48. In 1924, WLS - AM in Chicago begins radio transmissions.

49. In 1926, the Dutch Catholic radio broadcast (KRO) forms.

50. In 1931, Spanish voters reject the monarchy.