1. In 1084, anti - pope Clemens crowned German King Hendrik IV as Holy Roman Emperor.

2. In 1146, Bernard of Clairvaux preached his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a second crusade. Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine were present and joined the crusade.

3. In 1492, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon issued the Alhambra Decree, which expelled Jews from their kingdoms.

4. In 1504, France and Spain signed a truce.

5. In 1521, the first mass was held in the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan and 50 of his men. They took possession of the island of Limasawa on the same day.

6. In 1547, Henry II succeeded Francis I as King of France.

7. In 1644, Pope Urbanus VIII and the Duke of Parma signed the Peace of Ferrara.

8. In 1651, a great earthquake occurred in Cuzco, Peru.

9. In 1657, the English parliament made the Humble Petition and Advice to Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, offering him the crown, but he declined.

10. In 1667, France and England signed an anti - Dutch military accord.

11. In 1683, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and King John III Sobieski of Poland signed a covenant against Turkey, marking the beginning of the Holy League.

12. In 1717, a sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, provoked the Bangorian controversy.

13. In 1736, Bellevue Hospital was founded in a New York City almshouse, the first public hospital in the US.

14. In 1745, Jews were expelled from Prague.

15. In 1770, Immanuel Kant was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Königsberg.

16. In 1796, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's dramatic play "Egmont" premiered in Weimar.

17. In 1808, the French - created Kingdom of Westphalia ordered Jews to adopt family names.

18. In 1814, forces allied against Napoleon captured Paris.

19. In 1822, soldiers of the Ottoman Empire massacred the population of the Greek island of Chios following a rebellion attempt.

20. In 1831, the Mainz - Rijn Vaart Convention ended, and Quebec and Montreal were incorporated.

21. In 1841, the first performance of Robert Schumann's First Symphony in B took place.

22. In 1849, Colonel John W. Geary arrived as the first postmaster of San Francisco.

23. In 1850, the US population hit 23,191,876, with a black population of 3,638,808 (15.7%).

24. In 1854, the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed, forcing Japan to open ports to the US.

25. In 1861, the Confederacy took over the mint at New Orleans during the US Civil War.

26. In 1862, there was civil war action at Island #10 on the Mississippi River.

27. In 1863, the battles of Grand Gulf, Mississippi, and Dinwiddie Court House, Virginia, took place.

28. In 1865, the battle of Boydton, Virginia (White Oaks Roads, Dinwiddie C.H.), occurred, and General Pickett moved to Five Forks, abandoning the defense of Petersburg.

29. In 1866, the Spanish navy bombarded the harbor of Valparaíso, Chile.

30. In 1868, a Chinese embassy arrived aboard the steamship China.

31. In 1870, Thomas Mundy Peterson of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, became the first African - American to vote in the US under the provisions of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution, in a local election on the town's charter.

32. In 1877, British High Commissioner Sir Bartle Frere arrived in Cape Town, and Australian fast bowler Fred "The Demon" Spofforth made his test cricket debut. Australia lost the 2nd test by 4 wickets vs England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Also, a family with samurai antecedents in Ōita Nakatsu rebelled.

33. In 1880, Wabash, Indiana, claimed to be the first town completely illuminated by electric lighting.

34. In 1883, the first performance of César Franck's symphonic poem "Le Chasseur Maudit" (The Accursed Huntsman) took place at the Salle Érard in Paris, and Utrecht, Belgium, began its water pipe system.

35. In 1885, Great Britain declared Bechuanaland a protectorate.

36. In 1889, the Eiffel Tower officially opened in Paris.

37. In 1900, at the "Surprise of Sanna's Post" in the Second Boer War, 150 troops under Brigadier General Robert Broadwood were killed.

38. In 1903, Richard Pearse flew a monoplane several hundred yards in New Zealand.

39. In 1905, the 67th Grand National was held, and Frank Mason was victorious aboard Kirkland, the first Welsh - trained horse to win the event. Also, the First Moroccan Crisis occurred when Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany visited Tangier, Morocco, and proclaimed Germany's support of Moroccan independence and equal opportunity for all powers to trade there.

40. In 1906, GB Shaw's German version of "Caesar & Cleopatra" premiered in Berlin, and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States was founded to set rules in amateur sports, becoming the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 1910.

41. In 1907, the Romanian army put down the Moldavian farmers' revolt.

42. In 1909, Gustav Mahler conducted the New York Philharmonic for the first time. In a diplomatic note to Austria, Serbia recognized the Bosnian annexation and promised to maintain friendly relations with Austria. The National Baseball Commission ruled that players who jumped contracts would be suspended for 5 years.

43. In 1920, the British parliament accepted the Irish Home Rule Law. The same day, the Peking University Marxist Study Society, initiated by Li Dazhao, was officially established.

44. In 1921, British coal miners began a three - month - long strike.

45. In 1930, the Motion Pictures Production Code was instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion, and violence in film for the next 38 years.

46. In 1937, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a decision on Zhang Guotao's mistakes. The same day, the Japanese Navy's combined fleet of more than 70 warships, led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, came to China and conducted large - scale military exercises in the Qingdao sea area, with China as the imaginary enemy.

47. In 1942, the United States and the Kuomintang government officially signed a $500 - million loan agreement in Washington.

48. In 1953, the United Nations Security Council nominated Swedish Minister of State Dag Hammarskjöld to succeed Trygve Lie as Secretary - General of the United Nations.

49. In 1970, nine armed militants hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 351, known as the "Yodo - Maru." After the plane landed at an airport in North Korea, the hijackers surrendered to the North Korean authorities.

50. In 2009, Israel formed a new government, and Benjamin Netanyahu was elected prime minister.