1. In 581, Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty abdicated the throne to Yang Jian, and the Sui Dynasty was officially established, with its capital in Daxing (now Xi'an).

2. In 1238, the Mongol Empire's expeditionary army defeated the Russian coalition in the Battle of the Sit River.

3. In 150, Zhang Zhongjing, a famous medical scientist in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was born.

4. In 1537, Zhu Zaiji, the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born.

5. In 1665, Britain declared war on the Netherlands, and the Second Anglo-Dutch War broke out.

6. In 1789, George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States in New York City, marking the official establishment of the US federal government.

7. In 1791, Vermont became the 14th state of the United States.

8. In 1797, George Washington, the first President of the United States, voluntarily gave up running for re-election, establishing the tradition that the president should not serve more than two terms.

9. In 1829, an unruly crowd mobbed the White House during the inaugural reception for President Jackson.

10. In 1837, the Illinois state legislature granted a city charter to Chicago.

11. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States in Washington, D.C.

12. In 1890, Henry Norman Bethune, an internationalist fighter, was born.

13. In 1902, the American Automobile Association was founded in Chicago.

14. In 1911, Li Lianying, the chief eunuch in the late Qing Dynasty during Cixi's reign, died.

15. In 1924, the song "Happy Birthday to You" was officially released.

16. In 1925, President Calvin Coolidge's inauguration was broadcast live on 21 radio stations coast-to-coast.

17. In 1932, after the Japanese army occupied Harbin, it attacked the eastern section of the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Harbin-Mudanjiang section) and occupied Hailun on this day.

18. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States and immediately began implementing the "New Deal".

19. In 1933, the start of President Roosevelt's first administration brought with it the first woman to serve in the Cabinet: Labor Secretary Frances Perkins.

20. In 1934, the Japanese North China Garrison of more than 1,000 people held a military parade in Tianjin.

21. In 1935, after the Red Army recaptured Zunyi, according to Zhang Wentian's proposal, the Central Military Commission appointed Zhu De as the front-line commander and Mao Zedong as the political commissar.

22. In 1936, Matsui Iwane visited Chen Yi, the governor of Fujian Province.

23. In 1937, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the Puppet Manchuria issued an order regarding the Neighborhood Protection Committee system.

24. In 1938, Japanese aircraft bombed Zhengzhou, Henan Province twice, and the Chinese army claimed to have shot down six aircraft.

25. In 1939, a Japanese force captured Haizhou (now Lianyungang), Jiangsu Province.

26. In 1940, Wang Jingwei called a meeting of cadres to discuss the draft statement proposed by Japan.

27. In 1946, Ye Ting, the commander of the New Fourth Army, regained his freedom.

28. In 1951, the First Asian Games opened.

29. In 1952, Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis were married in San Fernando Valley, California.

30. In 1958, the English-language "Beijing Review" was founded.

31. In 1966, NASA's "Surveyor 3" was successfully launched and became the first probe to successfully photograph the far side of the moon.

32. In 1986, Ding Ling, a famous Chinese writer, died.

33. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan took responsibility for the Iran-Contra Affair in Washington.

34. In 1989, Time Incorporated and Warner Communications Incorporated announced plans to merge into the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate.

35. In 1994, Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, delivered a speech in Parliament, marking an important moment in the end of the apartheid system in South Africa.

36. In 2000, Chinese physicists Wu Dayou and Xie Xide died.

37. In 1493, Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage to the Americas, further expanding European exploration and colonization in the New World.

38. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died, and James VI of Scotland ascended the English throne, uniting the crowns of England and Scotland and beginning the Stuart dynasty in England.

39. In 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring that many printed materials in the American colonies carry a stamp tax, which sparked strong opposition from the colonists and was one of the preludes to the American Revolution.

40. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third President of the United States, promoting a series of political and economic reforms and playing an important role in the early development of the United States.

41. In 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States, further expanding the territory of the United States.

42. In 1855, the Crimean War was in full swing, and the Allied forces of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire continued to fight against Russia, which had a significant impact on the political situation in Europe.

43. In 1871, the Paris Commune was established, which was an important attempt by the working class to establish its own political power and had a profound impact on the international communist movement.

44. In 1886, the Statue of Liberty in the United States was officially dedicated, becoming an important symbol of the United States and a symbol of freedom and democracy in the eyes of many.

45. In 1905, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, which was a war of aggression and plunder between Russia and Japan over interests in the Far East and had a major impact on the international situation in the Far East.

46. In 1917, the United States declared war on Germany, joining the Allied forces in World War I and having a significant impact on the outcome of the war and the post-war international order.

47. In 1929, the Great Depression began in the United States, with the stock market crash on Wall Street triggering a global economic crisis that had a huge impact on the world economy and society.

48. In 1942, the Battle of Midway took place, which was a turning point in the Pacific War, with the United States achieving a major victory over Japan and reversing the war situation in the Pacific.

49. In 1954, the Geneva Conference was held, aiming to discuss issues such as the restoration of peace in Indochina and the Korean issue, which played an important role in promoting peace and stability in Asia.

50. In 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially ending the Vietnam War and bringing an end to the long and bloody conflict in Vietnam.