1. In 1265, Hulagu Khan, the founder of the Ilkhanate, died.

2. In 1294, Kublai Khan, the founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, died.

3. In 1405, Timur, the ruler of the Timurid Empire, died.

4. In 1516, Mary Tudor, Queen of England, known as "Bloody Mary", was born.

5. In 1530, Uesugi Kenshin, a famous daimyo in the Sengoku period of Japan, was born.

6. In 1546, Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany, died.

7. In 1564, the artist Michelangelo died in Rome.

8. In 1607, the Guangningmen Incident occurred during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

9. In 1685, French explorer La Salle established the first settlement in Texas.

10. In 1745, Alessandro Volta, the physicist and inventor of the battery, was born.

11. In 1838, Ernst Mach, the Austrian physicist after whom the speed unit "Mach" is named, was born.

12. In 1841, El Salvador declared itself a republic.

13. In 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as president of the Confederate States of America in Montgomery, Alabama.

14. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared himself King of Italy as Italy was nearing unification.

15. In 1885, Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was first published in the US.

16. In 1898, Enzo Ferrari, the founder of the world-famous car brand Ferrari, was born.

17. In 1901, In the early years of this century, immigrants flooded into the United States.

18. In 1917, Chen Duxiu advocated the Literary Revolution.

19. In 1918, Germany launched a full-scale offensive against the Soviet Union.

20. In 1919, The first volume of Hu Shi's Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy was published.

21. In 1929, The first Academy Awards were determined.

22. In 1930, Pluto, the ninth planet in our solar system, was discovered.

23. In 1931, Toni Morrison, an American novelist and Nobel laureate in literature, was born.

24. In 1933, Krupp completed the production of an automotive diesel engine.

25. In 1938, The air battle over Wuhan between China and Japan took place, and five martyrs sacrificed.

26. In 1938, The Eighth Route Army launched a surprise attack on the Tongpu and Zheng-Tai Railways.

27. In 1946, The Bombay Mutiny broke out.

28. In 1948, The biographer and educator Xu Shoushang was killed in Taipei.

29. In 1951, The Central Committee put forward the idea of "Three Years of Recovery, Ten Years of Construction".

30. In 1957, Henry Norris Russell, an American astronomer and one of the founders of modern astrophysics, died.

31. In 1960, The Eighth Winter Olympic Games were formally opened in Squaw Valley, California, by Vice President Nixon.

32. In 1965, The Gambia became an independent republic.

33. In 1967, American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer died of throat cancer in Princeton.

34. In 1967, Italian football star Roberto Baggio was born.

35. In 1969, Meng Xianmin, a Chinese deposit geologist, died.

36. In 1970, The Chicago Seven defendants were found innocent of conspiring to incite riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

37. In 1972, The California Supreme Court struck down the state's death penalty.

38. In 1977, The space shuttle "Enterprise", sitting atop a Boeing 747, went on its maiden "flight" above the Mojave Desert.

39. In 1978, The Second Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held.

40. In 1980, Chinese athletes participated in the Winter Olympics for the first time.

41. In 1985, The central government accelerated the opening up of the coastal economy.

42. In 1988, Anthony M. Kennedy was sworn in as the 104th justice of the US Supreme Court.

43. In 1991, Zhang Wenjin, a Chinese diplomat and former Chinese ambassador to the United States, died.

44. In 1992, The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility was successfully tested for the first time.

45. In 1994, The "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Security Protection of Computer Information Systems" was promulgated.

46. In 1997, The UK invented a new generation of computer "simulated patients".

47. In 2001, Veteran FBI agent Robert Hanssen was arrested, accused of spying for Moscow for years.

48. In 2004, A train carrying fuel and chemicals exploded in Iran.

49. In 2004, Xu Guanren, the founder of nuclear agronomy in China, died.

50. In 2008, Human skeletons from the 19th century BC were discovered in La Lima, northwestern Honduras.