1. In 1370, the Battle at Ruda u: Germany defeated Lithuania.

2. In 1461, Wars of the Roses: The Second Battle of St Albans - The Lancastrian army defeated the Yorkists and recaptured King Henry VI of England and Lord of Ireland.

3. In 1500, the Battle of Hemmingstedt - The German peasant army repelled the ducal army of Schleswig and Holstein; The Portuguese conquered Goa.

4. In 1510, Portuguese Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque first conquered the city of Goa, entering it with little conflict.

5. In 1568, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II agreed to pay tribute to the Ottoman Empire for peace.

6. In 1598, Boris Godunov was chosen as Tsar of Russia.

7. In 1600, Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned alive at Campo de' Fiori in Rome, convicted of heresy by the Roman Inquisition.

8. In 1621, Myles Standish was elected as the first commander of the Plymouth Colony.

9. In 1634, Puritan author William Prynne was tried in Star Chamber for publishing "Histrio-Masti", criticizing the theatre.

10. In 1670, France and Bavaria signed a military assistance treaty.

11. In 1691, Thomas Neale was granted an English patent for the American postal service.

12. In 1772, the 1st Partition of Poland was signed in Vienna by Austria, Prussia and Russia.

13. In 1776, the 1st volume of Edward Gibbon's seminal work "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" was published.

14. In 1781, French astronomer Charles Messier cataloged M83 (spiral galaxy in Hydra).

15. In 1795, Thomas Seddal harvested an 8.3-kg potato from his garden in Chester, England.

16. In 1801, the US House of Representatives broke the electoral college tie by electing Thomas Jefferson as president over Aaron Burr.

17. In 1814, the Battle of Mormant: The French imperial army defeated the Russian-Austrian forces (War of the Sixth Coalition).

18. In 1815, the Treaty of Ghent was ratified by the US Senate and signed by President James Madison, ending the War of 1812, over a month after it was signed in Europe.

19. In 1818, Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun patented the "Draisine" (early bicycle).

20. In 1837, Charles Lyell made his presidential address to the Geographical Society, London and announced that Richard Owen had concluded from Darwin's fossils that extinct species were related to current species in the same locality.

21. In 1843, the Battle of Miani: The Bombay army of the East India Company led by Charles Napier defeated a Baluch army of Talpur emirs of Sindh led by Mir Nasir Khan Talpur; The company captured parts of Sindh, their first possession in modern-day Pakistan.

22. In 1848, Tuscany got a liberal constitution.

23. In 1854, Britain recognized the independence of the Orange Free State (South Africa).

24. In 1859, Giuseppe Verdi's opera "Un Ballo in Maschera" premiered in Naples.

25. In 1864, the Confederate submarine CSS H. L. Hunley sank the Union ship USS Housatonic at Charleston, South Carolina in the world's first successful submarine attack; Crews of both vessels were killed.

26. In 1865, Columbia in South Carolina burned down during the American Civil War.

27. In 1867, Gyula Andrassy became premier of Hungary.

28. In 1876, sardines were first canned by Julius Wolff in Eastport, Maine.

29. In 1878, the 1st telephone exchange in San Francisco, California opened with 18 phones.

30. In 1880, Alexander II of Russia survived an assassination attempt.

31. In 1882, Australian cricket opening bowlers Joey Palmer (7/68) and Edwin Evans (3/64) dismissed England for 133 in the 2nd test; The first test match was played at Sydney Cricket Ground.

32. In 1883, Arthur Ashwell patented the 'vacant/engaged' toilet lock in London, England.

33. In 1885, Otto von Bismarck gave Carl Peters' firm management of German possessions in East-Africa.

34. In 1896, a muzzling order on the London County Council was enforced.

35. In 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo and a group of Katipuneros defeated Spanish forces led by General Camilo de Polavieja at the Battle of Zapote Bridge in Cavite; The National Organization of Mothers was formed in America by Alice McLellan Birney and Phoebe Apperson Hearst (Parent Teacher Association).

36. In 1902, a general strike in Barcelona and nearby towns led to government-troop reprisals that left 40 dead.

37. In 1904, Giacomo Puccini's opera "Madama Butterfly" premiered at La Scala in Milan, Italy.

38. In 1905, American educator and women's suffragist Frances Willard became the 1st woman honored in the National Statuary Hall in the US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.

39. In 1911, the 1st hydroplane flight to and from a ship was made by Glenn Curtiss in San Diego.

40. In 1913, the New York Armory Show introduced Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Marcel Duchamp to the US public; The US state of Oregon became the second to enact a minimum wage law.

41. In 1915, Edward Stone, the 1st US combatant to die in WWI, was mortally wounded.

42. In 1917, in Australia, the Nationalist Party took over a coalition government.

43. In 1926, an avalanche buried 75 in Sap Gulch, Bingham, Utah; 40 died.

44. In 1930, the French government of André Tardieu fell for the first time.

45. In 1931, hockey's Hershey Bears (now with AHL) played their 1st game.

46. In 1933, the first issue of the American news magazine "Newsweek" was published; The US Senate accepted the Blaine Act, ending prohibition.

47. In 1934, the 1st high school auto driving course was offered in State College, Pennsylvania.

48. In 1936, it was -58°F (-50°C) in McIntosh, South Dakota (state record); S. N. Behrman's play "End of Summer" premiered in NYC.

49. In 1965, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announced an increase in military intervention in Vietnam, escalating the Vietnam War.

50. In 1996, IBM's supercomputer "Deep Blue" defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a chess game.